Lumbar Disc Problems Essays - Skeletal System, Human Back, Pain

Lumbar Disc Problems Summary The lumbar region of the human spine is a location that is very susceptible to injury and trauma. A majority of the population experience back pain at some time during their life, and although in most cases the pain subsides after a time of rest, there is an enormous need for treatment of this malady. The various types of treatment for lumbar disc herniations include a more conservative method of rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory or non-steroidal drugs. A more extreme condition would require surgery to try to alleviate the symptoms. The older, more traditional surgery is a posterior laminotomy, however, newer less invasive microscopic and endoscopic surgeries been implemented to increase success and recovery time as well. Although most of these operations are performed on the posterior, anterior surgeries are also performed, depending upon the nature of the injury. While these surgeries partially remove disc material affecting the spinal cord, another type of surgery is u sed to remove the disc entirely and replace it with prosthetics. Still, there are alternative treatments including chiropractic care, acupuncture, and physical therapy that are increasing in popularity. Due to the sensitivity and vulnerability of the spinal cord, the diagnosis and treatments have a moderate risk of failure, and force a patient to explore numerous options to relieve pain. Introduction The vertebral column is composed of seven cervical, twelve thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral, and four coccygeal vertebrae. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered from one through five starting with the highest vertebrae, and preceded by the letter L. (i.e. the lowest vertebral body will be represented as L-5) Between the vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions are invertebral discs that serve as shock absorbers that allow the everyday movements of the spine. Discs themselves are represented by naming both of their adjacent vertebral bodies (i.e. a lumbar disc is can be identified as L-4 L-5 or L-4,5). The discs are made up of an outer ring of more dense material called the annulus fibrosus. The annulus fibrosus helps to contain the inner gelatinous material called the nucleus pulposes. Upon a stressful movement of the spine, the nucleus pulposes may rupture through the annulus fibrosus posteriorly toward the spinal cord. Pressure upon the spinal cord, which is the origin of nerves throughout the body, can irritate the nerves exiting through lateral spaces between adjacent vertebrae called the invertebral foramen. These nerves travel to the lower extremities cause a dull ache and sometimes numbness or loss of strength. The nerve most commonly affected by a disc herniation is the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve originates between the third sacral(S-3), and fourth lumbar(L-5) vertebrae, is formed in the pelvis and exits through the greater sciatic foramen towards the gluteal region. It then travels laterally underneath the piriformis muscle towards the pudendal nerve, then divides travels anteriorly down the leg until it divides near the knee into the politeal and tibial nerves(Shanahan, 1997). A term herniated disc is used synonymously with ruptured or prolapsed discs. They describe a protrusion of the nucleous propulsus through the annulus fibrosus upon the spinal cord. Commonly herd terms such as a slipped or a bulging disc refer to the disc being close to herniation, but still remaining intact. In this case, the nucleus propulsus is contained, however, the contortion can still lead to decreased foraminal space, and sciatic nerve irritation. The symptoms for bulging or slipped discs are similar to those for a herniated disc, but are usually milder and less intense, thus requiring more conservative treatments(Shanahan, 1997). An estimated eighty percent of the population suffers at least one episode of back pain in their life, and in as many as fifty percent of the cases, the problem will recur within the next three years (DiNubile, 1997). The purpose of this paper is to discuss lumbar disc problems that afflict a large portion of the population, and discern between the numerous treatment options available to a patient. It will discuss the wide range of these interventions and attempt to provide a clear view of the success and appropriate applications of the treatments. Discussion The cause of a disc rupture can be traced to many events such as a single squat exercise by weight

Report On Romania and the European Union

Report On Romania and the European Union Free Online Research Papers Romania was the first country in Central and Eastern Europe to have an official relationship with the European Community. In 1974, a treaty included Romania in the Generalized System of Preferences of the Community, and later in 1980, an agreement on manufacturing goods was signed. According to the Commission Regular Report 2004, Romania fulfilled the political criteria. It had also consolidated and deepened the stability of its institutions. However, the report suggested, the effectiveness of governmental and judiciary reforms was dependent on Romanias ability to effectively implement the changes. Romania became an official member of the European Union on January 1st, 2007. In order to be accepted as a member state, Romania had to meet some requirements, such as improving its economy, eradication of bribery and corruption and also imposing visa and frontier regimes on the non member states, such as Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia, Montenegro, Turkey and Moldova. Romania is the largest, upper-middle-income economy of central-eastern Europe, the 12th largest in Europe by total nominal GDP and the 8th largest based on purchasing power parity. Romania is a member of the European Union, its most important trading partner. Its capital, Bucharest (with 2.5 million people), is the largest financial centers in the region. Romania stands to benefit from the size of its market (about 22 million people). According to a recent World Bank Study, Bucharest is set to double its population in the next ten years exceeding 4 million inhabitants. Romanian GDP will double by 2011. Romania is one of the most stable and prosperous states of Central, Eastern and Southern Europe. As of 2007, the economy is growing at a steady pace of above 7% a year. Future prospects are tied to the countrys increasingly important integration with the European Union member states. The country is expected to join the Euro zone, between 2010 and 2012. Economy of Romania National economic indicators Unemployment 3.6% August 2007 GDP growth 7.7% 2005–2006 CPI inflation 3.4% National debt $42 billion Poverty 12.6% 2005 Monetary value Exchange rate (per â‚ ¬) 3.3848 September 14, 2007 Exchange rate (per  £) 4.8967 September 14, 2007 Exchange rate (per  ¥) 2.0087 September 14, 2007 On January 1st 2007, Romania entered the European Union. This led to some immediate international trade liberalization, but there was no shock to the economy. The government is running annual surplus of above 2%. This fact, together with annual GDP growth of above 7%, has brought the government indebtedness to 22.8% of GDP in 2006. This is to be contrasted with enormous current account deficits. Low interest rates guarantee availability of funds for investment and consumption. For example, a boom in the real estate market started around 2000 and has not subsided yet. At the same time annual inflation in the economy is variable and during the last five years has seen a low of 2.3% and high of 6.3% Romania’s diplomatic bond with the European Union lasts since 1990; the most important events which mark the clear decision of Romania to integrate into the Euro-Atlantic structures as strategic options, constantly manifested after 1990, have been: o In 1993, when it became a member in the Council of Europe. o In 1994, Romania became an associate member of the EU. o In 1997 Romania became a member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement. o In 1999 Romania was elected chairman of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, for 2001. o Romania was officially invited to membership talks, starting in February 2000, at the European Union summit in Helsinki. o In 2000, Romania officially started accession negotiations. o 2002, a t a NATO summit in Prague, the Heads of NATO member states adopted a decision to invite Romania to start NATO accession talks. Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia were also invited to join NATO. o The Copenhagen European Council in December confirmed the support of the Council for Romanias accession in 2007, and the EU used the occasion to maintain negotiation pace with Romania. o In 2003, The European Council stated that welcoming Bulgaria and Romania in January 2007, if they are ready, is the common objective of the Union of 25. o In 2004, Romania officially became a NATO member, together with six other states in Central and Eastern Europe. o In 2005, in Luxembourg, Romania and Bulgaria signed the Treaty of Accession to the EU; it finally became a member state in the European Union on January 1st, 2007. Bulgaria was another country that joined the European Union at the same time. o In 2005 signing of the Accession Treaty in Luxembourg: Romania and Bulgaria signed the Treaty of Accession to the EU. The final act states that: Romania and Bulgaria will join EU on January 1st 2007. o In 2006 an EU report to the European Parliament on the entry of Romania and Bulgaria said it was still possible for Romania to enter on schedule but listed areas in which progress had to be made to meet the target date. For Romania, this was in the areas of food safety and setting-up agencies to pay EU farm aids. o In 2006 the final monitoring report on Romania by the European Commission recommended accession on January 1st, 2007. A final vote in the European Council finalized this in October; it was anticipated there would be no further obstacles to accession. Romania had multiple parties representing a large political spectrum, made of historical parties (Partidul National Liberal and Partidul National Taranesc, Crestin Democrat) and new born parties, especially with socialist origins. The Romanian political scene was alternatively dominated by the PSD (Partidul Social Democrat), ran by Ion Iliescu (old communist leader), and by the historical parties in alliance with the Democrat Party, ran by the current President, Traian Basescu. At the moment, our government is made of ministers of PNL and the Democrat Hungarian Union of Romania (a party structured on ethnical criteria), and the chief of the government is Calin Popescu Tariceanu, president of PNL. Most of the citizens were happy about Romania becoming a state member. All these past years we all saw changes and improvements in other countries that joined the EU and we realized that such an alliance would only help us become stronger and have a better economy, political system and even a better opinion from all of the other countries. As soon as it made public that Romania was going to be a member state, other countries started trusting it more and we had lots of foreign investors coming and starting businesses, which increased the number of jobs and money of course. Tourism developed, Romania became a very popular destination in such a short time, and it will only keep growing. Public opinion polls in Romania indicate 70% of the population is in favor of accession to the European Union. However, the rest of the EUs population has a less positive view of Romanias accession, with an approval rate of only 45%. So far, there have not been any negative changes since Romania joined the EU. Romanias strategic geopolitical location will influence the EUs policy towards its relations with all of Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Turkey and Asia. In the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative Romania has an opportunity to demonstrate its leadership in the region. Officials consider Romania to be both a part of Central Europe and a part of SEE. This reflects the Romanian governments dual ambitions today of strengthening Romanias chances of Euro-Atlantic integration while also being seen as a leader and a zone of stability and democracy in its immediate neighborhood. In 2007, the priority landmark based on which Romania’s foreign policy directions are drawn up is to outline the profile of an EU responsible, efficient, pragmatic and influent member. This means fulfilling the commitments undertaken during the pre-accession period and ensuring the conditions required for a performance at the level of the expectations that the partners in the Union have with regard to Romania. The accession to the European Union marks a new stage in the evolution of Romanian diplomacy, defined by the progressive undertaking of a new paradigm of foreign policy expression and action, centered on anticipatory analysis, consistent construction, integrating initiative, institutional balance and strategic vision. Romania will pursue four priorities within the EU: o the consolidation of ESDP/CFSP (endowing EU with efficient civil and military capabilities, consolidating EU presence in missions of crisis management, stabilization and post-conflict reconstruction, EU coordination and complementarities with NATO); o the substantiation of the European Neighborhood Policy, which becomes not only a vehicle for promoting EU values and standards in the Eastern regions, but also an instrument for promoting a strategic, comprehensive and flexible approach of the Black Sea region; o the (external) energy strategy, which will have to be reinforced by a genuine common energy policy, designed to support the energy efficiency, the diversification of resources and transport routes and its liberalization; o the (external) migration strategy; Romania plans to contribute to consolidating EU capacity of providing credible answers to fundamental problems, such as drawing workforce from outside the Community, accompanied by social and economic integration policies, fighting illegal migration by avoiding the creation of an â€Å"EU fortress†. Of course there are regulations that are going to have to be followed, some of them have been made public but people are still adjusting, such as food and beverage restrictions and smoking environments. Food has to be tested and approved before it goes into supermarkets and so do beverages. All public environments must be non smoking, only some restaurants and bars are allowed to have a smoking and non smoking section. My overall impression on Romania’s membership in the EU is a very positive one; I can see my country becoming stronger and more open to new ideas and concepts. Everybody has more options nowadays, concerning school, jobs and so on. My advice to Romania is to really fight corruption because it still exists and to start working hard for a better life; many people still think there are ways to make money other than honest work, because during the communism it was the only way to survive, a regular job was just not enough to support a family. But that is all over, it has been over for a long time and there is no need for illegalities anymore. I believe it would help our image and our future so much. Research Papers on Report On Romania and the European UnionPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeTwilight of the UAWThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

How advertising strategy for luxury brand changing to take account of Dissertation

How advertising strategy for luxury brand changing to take account of using internet for customers - Dissertation Example One of the reasons for the importance of online channel is the popularity of internet and its boundary less feature that has made the world a global village. Part of this has also been responsible due to the immense popularity of social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter as well as sites like you tube that are extremely popular among the target market audience (Weening, 2011, p.4). The luxury goods industry is also expected to have a very deep relationship with e-commerce and internet marketing. A research report shows that most of the consumer segments for the luxury brand category are essentially net savvy and are influenced by internet marketing. The report also quotes the Chinese market that is considered to be one of the largest markets for luxury brands as an example to show the importance of internet marketing in case of luxury brands (The Levin Institute, 2011). A research report conducted by KPMG also shows that internet has been one of the factors that has been resp onsible for the growth of luxury brands especially in nations like India and China where the spirit of Westernisation and luxury brands have been propagated using the internet (Schwarz & Wong, 2006, p.31). These findings provide a sufficient reasoning behind analysing the topic of present study as internet marketing can help shape up the business prospects and fuel growth of the luxury brands in the market. Literature Review The advertising strategies for commodities pertaining to the luxury class would certainly differ from normal day to day use products. Anderson and Vincze (2006) state in this regard that advertising activities in relation to luxury products endeavour to focus more on making the product exclusive to the public eyes.... The paper tells that the advertising strategies for commodities pertaining to the luxury class would certainly differ from normal day to day use products. Anderson and Vincze state in this regard that advertising activities in relation to luxury products endeavour to focus more on making the product exclusive to the public eyes. Thus in order to reflect the exclusiveness of the product the marketing and advertising campaign in relation to such products proceeds to tie up the product image with other events like sports and also in relation to other popular luxury brands. In regards to an example it is found that how Ferrari the luxury car company in order to highlight its new models have increasingly tied up such with leading jewellery brands. Moreover in another advertising strategy using the help of billboards the company tends to reflect the new launches upon a shinning silver background. Such billboards are planted in highly popular places to attract large number of viewers. To en hance the exclusiveness of the luxury brand the marketers also tend to focus on selected target audiences rather than going over investing on mass market advertisements. This focus on selective markets helps in creating a niche market which would thereby help in enhancing the sales of the product. Luxury Brands like other common brands also was found to take resort to the use of print and visual media for the advertising of their products. Shay observes that the luxury brands in order to gain a more exclusive sphere in the consumer’s eyes carved out a more strategic approach while tending to advertise via the print media.

How to write a catchy beer ad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to write a catchy beer ad - Essay Example Ballard tells of the search for a memorable phrase, a hook that would catch on like the memorable ads that we always associate with a brand name. The music that the team of Evanston and Godsey provided seemed the perfect match with the simple phrase "...and twins". The advertisement was centered on the things guys like and was highlighted by the addition of sexy, buxom twins. The author explains the ads success is based around the simple beginnings of what guys like, accented by good music, and produced with humor. Ballard contends that it was the humor that set this advertisement apart from dozens of others and catapulted the twins into our pop culture memory. If rule number one in advertising is to know your audience, Coors Light hit a home run with this spot. The advertisement in inundated with the things that their target age group finds appealing. It relies on cars, sports, dogs, humor, and the concept that two is better than one. They were able to mesh these ingredients into an advertisement that would quickly be associated with beer. Coors was also able to handle the political correctness of sex in advertising with their attitude of using sexy not sex to sell their product. By adding enough light humor, just enough to make the guys appear a little silly, they were able to deflect the issue of women as sex objects and warrant the ad acceptable to women and girlfriends. Advertising, as a science, dwells on peoples response to an image or sound in an effort to portray things that are pleasant and appealing. The pictures need to be something we are compelled to look at. The music must be memorable, with a hook that echoes in your head days after you hear it for the first time. In addition, the advertiser needs to keep in mind the target audience while not offending the innocent viewers who may be able to influence the customer. The

Environmental Risk Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental Risk Management - Coursework Example For adoption of an effective EMS, this paper discusses the processes involved in Environmental risk assessment. These include hazard assessment, exposure assessment, consequences assessment as well as risk estimation. Through integration of these processes with the major activities undertaken in formulation and implementation of EMS, an organization is able to benefit from an effective EMS. Some of the major implications of an accredited EMS to institutions such as Cowcaddens University include reduced operational costs, public support and competitive advantage. In this regard, this paper discusses some key recommendations that Cowcaddens should adopt. For instance, the institution should engage all stakeholders including employees and students in the entire process of formulating and implementing the EMS. This also entails offering environment conservation courses in addition to offering training to the employees and holding environmental protection seminars and forums. Introduction Environmental Management System (EMS) entails comprehensive strategies that are adopted to effectively manage environmental aspects that affect the day to day operations of companies. ... Other advantages of EMS include improving the production process, reduction of company liabilities and expenses as well as reduction of costs of managing waste materials. For companies to increase total sales, it is imperative for firms to emulate effective EMS especially in the modern times when most consumers are keenly looking for products that are harmless to the environment. This paper seeks to discuss the concepts that are vital in the development of an environmental risk assessment process as part of an Environment Management System of Cowcaddens University. Specific Environmental legislation Environmental Permitting Regulations 2011 SI 2043 Environmental Permitting Regulations 2011 SI 2043 is one of the major environmental legislation that was emulated by UK government in October 2011. The law that seeks to redefine radioactive waste was adopted after several amendments of the earlier Acts. The amendment was done in order to provide effective EMS that ensures risks associated with radioactive materials are properly addressed. Due to the anomalies of Radioactive Substances Act (RSA) of 1960, the UK government recognized the need to make adjustment of the Act. RSA 1993 was also based on RSA 1960. Even though some countries such as Northern Ireland and Scotland have still retained the majority of the provisions of RSA 1993, major reviews have been adopted in UK that are contributed by various environment regulators and industries. This was aimed at making UK attain a strong approach of preventing the country from being negatively affected by the large amount of radioactive materials from the industries. The monitoring of the implementation of the law is to be undertaken in 2015.

Theories and Principles Of Leadership And Management

Theories and Principles Of Leadership And Management Leadership is said to be a way of behaving that influence others to respond, not because they want to, but because they have to, it is seen as personal interactions between group of people which aim at improving personal interactions and focus on achieving a particular goals. Catalano (2006), define leadership as the ability of and individual to influence the behavior of others. A good leadership must possess some very important skills to be effective, this includes but not limited to critical thinking, problem solving, active listening, skillful communication, acknowledgment and respect for individual difference, establishment of clear goals and outcomes, and continue personal and professional development (Tappen 2001). While Management on the other can be define a problem oriented process with a focus on the activities needed to achieve a goal, it supply the structure, resources and direction for activities of the group. Management is aimed toward influencing employees to be as pro ductive as humanly possible Catalano (2005). There is always a relationship between leadership and management in nursing, Malby (1996) indicates that developing and fostering leadership competencies could direct nurse managers to think beyond tradition and to coordinate multidisciplinary dialogue which articulates the needs of the system and the patients whilst empowering employee. Leadership has been defined by different scholars and it has been group into theory for better understanding of its relationship to management, in this essay I will concentrate on the effect of different leadership and management theory and how it is related to nursing and healthcare system. Leadership theories Relationship-tasks orientation and Management theory Leadership and management Leadership Theory In authoritarian leadership style, the leaders maintain strong control over all aspects of the group and its activities, provide directions by giving others that the group are expected to carry out without questions (catalano 2006). This kind of leadership style should not be used in healthcare setting because of it negative influence on care giver, since healthcare is an interdisciplinary system in which group participation provide the best care for client and promote health. The mother of Nursing, Florence Nightingale has been said to use this style of leadership during her time. Her leadership and management style permeated nursing management for decades, and continued to dominate health care settings established and managed by the religious orders. Castigatory criticism, strong overt control, an I and you difference in status and a complete absence of individual consideration were the epitome of nursing management (Marquis Huston 2000, Widerquist 2000). And this was also support ed by Widerquist (2000) statement that whilst Nightingale may be considered a Great Woman of the Victorian era, the undercurrents of her theories, ideologies and management style have had deleterious consequences for subsequent nursing practice and nursing management. Carney (1999) asserts that whilst evidence suggests that this approach is still employed in some health care settings, the autocratic leadership style should only be utilized in crisis situations. In Democratic style theory (Supportive or Participating), all aspects of the process of achieving a goal, from planning and goal setting to implementing and taking credit for the success of the project, are shared by the group (Catalano 2006). This allows members participation and control because of its freedom of expression altitude toward achievement of goals. Murphy (2005) stated that Democratic leadership is supportive of group interaction and decision-making. Staff is motivated by economic or ego awards and supported by direction and guidance. Laissez- Faire leadership Style is also describe as permissive, non directive, or passive. The laissez-faire style leader allows the group he or she is leading to determine their own goals and the methods to achieve them. There is little planning, minimal decision making, and a lack of involvement by the leader (catalano 2006). The laissez-faire leader observes followers working from a distance and does not tend to intercede unless necessitated (Mullins 1994). Because of the leader little control and authority which can lead to variable efficiency and quality of output it is not commonly used in healthcare setting. Marquis and Huston (2000) caution that if this style of leadership is used inappropriately, it can precipitate apathy and disinterest in staff and a frenetic department. Transformational theory recognizes that multiple intangibles exist whenever people interact. Factors such as sense of meaning, creativity, Inspiration, and vision all are involved in creating a sense of mission that exceeds good interpersonal relationships and reward. In many healthcare facilities, nursing leaders are expected to inspire excitement and commitment in nurses, who often must provide care to very ill clients in less than ideal circumstances (catalon 2006). Transformational leaders strive to elevate the needs of their followers which are congruent with their own goals and objectives through charisma, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration (Bass et al.1987a). Leadership orientation and Management theory In High Relationship- Low Task Orientation the leaders are usually well liked by the groups because of their acceptance of the group members as individuals, consideration of their feelings, encouragement, and promotion of good feelings among all the group members (catalano 2006). This relationship focuses more on the employee to elicit the high production ,and was supported by Human Interaction theory (management theory) in which management were required to develop a different set of management skills, including understanding human behavior, effective counseling , increase motivation using effective leadership skills and maintaining productive communication (catalano 2006). In Nursing, this relationship helps to get the best out of the health care team thereby increasing the quality of care giving to patients. These theories was also supported by the Michigan studies on the leadership behavior(Cole 1999) in which it reported that supervisors of high producing groups tended to be empl oyee-oriented and exercised employee participation in decision making, thereby promoting team development and cohesiveness. High Task-Low Relationship describe a leader who does all the planning with little regard to the input or feelings of the group, gives order and expect them to be carried out without questions (Catalano 2006). This can be related to Time-Motion Theory (management theory), define as planning, organizing, commanding, and controlling the work of any particular group of employee (Catalannn2006). This can create a non productive environment if use in the health care setting because of it decrease in employee satisfaction. The Michigan studies (Cole 1999) conclude that the supervisors of low producing groups were task oriented and consequently were referred to as production-oriented leaders. These leaders focused more on the tasks than on the employee needs and tended to strictly monitor and control performance. Leadership and Management Leadership orientation and theory are used interchangeably, since environments and situations are constantly changing in healthcare settings. Factors such as member skills, the circumstances or problem at hand, the work environment are put into considerations. Fiedler (1967) identified the leaders power; the leader-follower relationship and the task to be accomplished as the key variables which determine the particular leadership style required to militate various problems in diverse situations. Hence, the applicability of Fiedlers (1967) leadership theory to contemporary nursing management is conceivable, as various approaches can be employed interchangeably to manage diverse situations. For example the authoritarian leadership is mostly used in emergency situations in which saving a life and obtaining maximum health is the highest goals of any group. And this is supported by Carney (1999), who asserts that whilst evidence suggests that this approach (authoritarian theory) is still employed in some health care settings, the autocratic leadership style should only be utilized in crisis situations. Catalano (2006) stated that a nurse manager on a hospital unit may use a highly democratic style in most of the routine activities of the unit, but when a client goes into cardiac arrest, she may revert to a highly authoritarian style while directing the staff through a code. Also in quality management, where the problems are often long term and complicated, the leader tends to be a nurse who is well organized and methodically sift through a mountain of information and statistics to develop a policy that covers the widest range of possibilities. It can be argue that to be an effective manager, it is apparent to have the quality and highly develop skills of a good leadership, especially in healthcare to achieve optimum health and increase productivity. Whilst one does not have to be a leader to manage and a manager to lead, researchers in the 1960s began to recognize how these skills can be intertwined and employed synonymously to realize organizational goals (Marquis Huston 2000). It could also be argued that unless managers are cognisance and competent in strategic planning development, which implicates on clinical practice, their efforts may be circumvented by more senior levels. In addition, to affect successful change management in a constantly changing environment, the nurse manager must be appropriately prepared to lead and manage the complexities and contingencies of this process (Dutton et al. 1997). Management and leadership skills complement each other, it can be learned and require practice and experience.

Religion and School Prayer in Public Schools Essay -- Prayer in Public

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   America's founders envisioned a nation whose government would allow for freedoms and rights to be guaranteed to its citizens. The desire for religious freedom was prominent, sine it was not a right granted to the early colonists living under Briti sh rule. Because England's government forced all of its citizens to learn and practice the same religion, America's first legislators made certain that government intervention in religious matters was prohibited. Therefore, religious freedom was ensured in the First Amendment to the Constitution, as it states, "Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. . ." (Whitehead, Rights 49). This statement allowed Americans to f reely express and practice or chose not to practice a religion. The two distinct parts of the religious freedom affirmation in the First Amendment became known as the Free Exercise Clause, which guarantees religious expressio n, and the Establishment Clau se, which protects citizens from state sponsored religion (Whitehead, Rights 49). These two clauses are generally interpreted as being contradictory to each other. Often times, a right guaranteed by one clause contrasts with a right maintained by the other clause. Since the two clauses rae not black and white, there is an extensive amount of gray area. Due to the conflicting religious expression clauses stated under the First Amendment, the role of prayer in public schools is controversial and must be interpreted in such a way to accommodate all and restrain from violating the rights of any religious believers and nonbelievers.    The dispute over school prayer has stemmed from the government's views on the relationsh... ...ayer. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1994. Barker, Dan. "The Case Against School Prayer." Internet Infidels. Online. Internet. 21 October 2002. Available: http://www.infidels.org/org/ffrf/issues/pray.html Farmer, Rod. "The School Prayer Issue." Education 104 (1984): 248-49. Gaffney, Edward McGlynn. "A Church in Texas." Commonweal 124 (April 25, 1997): 9-10. O'Connor, Sandra. "Forward: the Establishment Clause and Endorsement of Religion." Journal of Law and Religion 8 (1990): 1-4. Sikorski, Robert. Prayer in Public Schools and the Constitution 1961-1992. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1993. Thomas, Oliver. "Prayer and Speech." Finding Common Ground 12 (1996): 29 pars. Online. Internetr. 1 October 2002. Whitehead, John W. The Rights of Religious Persons in Public Education. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, 1994: 33,49-50.

Multiple Questions On Issues Of Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay

Suppose you are taking a class in Strategic Sustainable Development. One of your co-workers, who works for a company as a Director of Sustainable Development, calls you up and inquire what you are larning about. Please list five ( 5 ) broad/overarching constructs that you could utilize to depict the nucleus of Strategic Sustainable Development. ( 5 points ) Note: it is non necessary to depict them, merely list them. The FSSD is a generic model for planning and decision-making for accomplishing success in a system of socio-ecological sustainability. Based on scientifically-based rules ( discussed below ) and systems believing, the FSSD supports decision-making in conditions of high complexness, acknowledging the mutuality of the natural universe and society. It can function as compass to steer society towards a sustainable hereafter ; a scheme for sustainability can be developed which links scientific cognition to decision-making. The FSSD has five distinct, non-overlapping degrees: system, success, strategic guidelines, actions and tools. By utilizing the FSSD together with a principles-based definition of sustainability, it becomes possible to judge how actions can be strategically planned and prioritized to travel an organisation and society towards sustainability. Based on a common linguistic communication and apprehension in order to ease cooperation, toA communicate efficaciously, construct consensus and finally travel toward a vision, the FSSD provides a shared mental theoretical account of sustainability. Because it uses an upstream attack, the FSSD anticipates and avoids jobs before they occur, instead than responding to their downstream effects. B – Scientific foundations of FSSD The FSSD is a scientifiA ­cally strict Framework ; scientific foundations ( e.g. Torahs of thermodynamics, energy, information, photosynthesis, biogeochemical rhythms, mutuality of species, system kineticss, cyclic rule and biogeochemical rhythms ) are used to deduce the basic rules of ecological and societal sustainability. C – Metaphor of the Cylinder and the Funnel In its whole-systems position, the FSSD uses the metaphor of the Cylinder and the Funnel to exemplify the blemished readings and tendencies about current world, jobs with our current industrial system and the challenges of sustainability. The funnel helps to visualise the economic, societal and environmental force per unit areas that impinge on society as natural resources and ecosystem services are depleted and diminution while planetary population grows in figure and there is an of all time increasing ingestion of those resources and heightened demand for those services. D – Four Sustainability Principles ( SP ) and the Model of Nine Universal Human Needs The four, first-order Sustainability Principles ( SP ) of the FSSD clearly spell out what ecological and societal conditions must be in order for a society and hence, for development, to be sustainable now and in the hereafter. Understood within SP 4 is a theoretical account of the nine cosmopolitan human needs as defined by the Chilean economic expert Manfred Max-Neef, every bit good as the interrelatednesss between human demands, wants, satisfiers, and pathologies/poverties. E – Backcasting and the ABCD Methodology Backcasting from sustainability rules ( be aftering from success ) is a tool used in the FSSD. First a vision of success is defined and so a spread analysis, utilizing the lens of sustainability is performed, which so helps specify schemes and prioritized actions that work toward shuting the spread. In the ABCD Methodology – First measure ( A ) understanding how to use Backcasting from Principles to the system for analyses of measure ( B ) current patterns and measure ( C ) solutions/visions and ( D ) prioritized actions to make a scheme to accomplish success. In measure ( D ) , actions are prioritized to guarantee that all selected actions areA ( 1 ) moving in the right way ( towards sustainability ) , ( 2 ) A flexible platforms that avoid dead-end investings, and ( 3 ) good concern determinations ( i.e. offer anA equal return on investing ) . InA Chapter 1 ofA Strategic Leadership towards Sustainability, the writer makes frequent reference usage of the words systematic and consistently to depict difference between the cylinder paradigm and the funnel paradigm.A For illustration:AIn the cylinder paradigm: it is believed that socio / ecological impacts come and go. In the funnel paradigm: in world society is on a downhill class – the very conditions of societal / ecological public assistance are being consistently undermined. In the cylinder paradigm: it is believed that societal / ecological impacts are stray events. In the funnel paradigm: in world societal / ecological impacts are interconnected through systematic mistakes of social design.AWhy are the words consistently and systematic of import to do the differentiation between the two paradigms? ( 4 points ) The job of unsustainability ( as represented by the funnel metaphor ) is that the negative impacts we see from our unsustainable manner of life are due to an underlying â€Å" systemic mistake of social design † that will go on to decline. In the current theoretical account of industrial organisation and neoclassical economic sciences, society at big is organized in such a manner that the environmental impacts – pollution, loss of biodiversity, nursery gas emanations etc. – will go on to increase every bit long as society continues on the same paradigm of development. Equally long as the systemic mistakes continue, the conditions for ecological and societal endurance and prosperity will go on to worsen consistently. The funnel metaphor represents a systems theory manner of thought, which understands the rule operation of the ecological and societal systems, acknowledging the mutuality of the natural universe and society. Why were the System Conditions developed harmonizing to the standards of ( I ) necessary, ( two ) sufficient, ( three ) distinct, ( four ) general, ( V ) concrete and ( six ) science-based? ( 2 points ) In order to be successful and widely accepted as legitimate and valid, the system conditions must be necessary ( required in order to accomplish the planning aim, i.e. , sustainability ) and sufficient ( to cover all facets of the aim ) , distinguishable ( to enable comprehension and facilitate development of indexs for monitoring and appraisal ) general ( to construction all social activities relevant to sustainability and do sense for all stakeholders ) , concrete ( to steer job resolution and actions, serve as a usher in job analysis and solutions ) , and science-based. ( proven, scientifically robust theoretical account, based on systems believing and scientific foundations ( e.g. Torahs of thermodynamics, energy, information, photosynthesis, biogeochemical rhythms, mutuality of species, system kineticss, cyclic rule and biogeochemical rhythms ) from which are derived the basic rules of ecological and societal sustainability ) . What does it intend to be â€Å" strategic † ? ( 1 point ) Part of a decision-making procedure in which picks are made, a scheme is a program of prioritising actions in order to accomplish a peculiar end. Once an organisation has established its purpose/mission/vision of an idealised hereafter, it can choose policies and actions within that scheme to travel an organisation towards accomplishing that end. If we have a clearly principled position of a hereafter sustainable society, so we have a position on which we can strategize – base our determinations on strategic guidelines which direct us on the best manner to continue in order to accomplish success in the system, i.e. sustainability. In the FSSD, together with a principles-based definition of sustainability, it becomes possible to judge how actions can be strategically planned and prioritized to travel an organisation and society towards sustainability. If each of the actions below were done in an on-going mode, which Sustainability Principle would be affected? Please fill in the space with the primary Sustainability Principle that the action contributes to, i.e. 1, 2, 3, or 4 ( Write one SP merely for each reply ) . ( 0.5 point each, 5 points entire ) ___3___ overharvesting of fish ___3___ development of fertile land into urban substructure ___2___ release of antibiotics into rivers ___1___ leaching of mined Cd from batteries ___2___ release of methane from cattles ( if one considers that a concentration of methane occurs because of a human activity – herding cowss to back up a meat based diet in surplus of the natural ecosystem ‘s capacity to absorb the inordinate waste this produces ) ___2___ fertiliser run-off that leads to the overrun of algae in nearby lakes ___4 __ deficiency of development of a health care system ___1___ leaking of U from mining operations ___3___ extraction of groundwater at rates that exceed natural refilling ___4___ insecure on the job conditions The Brundtland definition of sustainable development is â€Å" to run into the demands of today without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their demands † ( Brundtland, 1987 ) . Explain how this includes the construct of ecological sustainability. ( 2 points ) Though it is non explicitly stated, ecological sustainability is a cardinal constituent of the Brundtland definition ; all facets of human being and survival – the ability to run into human demands – are integrated with the sustainability of feasible ecological systems. In a systems theoretical account of thought, what happens in one portion of a system affects every other portion. The Brundtland definition is equal in some ways, but does non give counsel as to the design of such a society or how to accomplish this sustainability. It is non specific plenty nor does it hold the simpleness of the FSSD with the four, first-order Sustainability Principles ( SP ) which clearly spell out what ecological and societal conditions must be in order for a society and hence, for development, to be sustainable now and in the hereafter. In the sustainable society, nature is non capable to consistently increasing: concentrations of substances extracted from the Earth ‘s crust ( such as fossil fuels or metals ) , concentrations of substances produced by society ( such as chemical compounds, CFC ‘s, insect powders, and endocrine disrupters ) , debasement by physical agencies ( such as clear-cutting of woods and over-fishing ) Furthermore, in such a ( sustainable ) society, people are non capable to conditions that consistently: 4. undermine their capacity to run into their demands ( such as from the maltreatment of political and economic power ) . The FSSD asks – upstream at the first estimate in the concatenation of cause-and-effect, what are the primary mechanisms of human activities which set off unsustainable impacts downstream? The FSSD recognizes that downstream impacts are rooted in upstream mistakes of social design and operation. All ecological and societal sustainability jobs which society faces today can be attributed to misdemeanors of one or more of these four mechanisms, expressed by the 4 SP. If the society seeks to run into its demands now and in the hereafter, it must conform to the ecological restraints of the first three Sustainability rules, and conform to the social restraints of the 4th Sustainability Principle, so the resources must be adequate to win, in run intoing those demands. Please describe the constructs of a ‘tool ‘ and a ‘framework ‘ , what they are utile for and the difference between them ( 3 points ) A tool is a device that is necessary to, or expedites, a undertaking ; it can besides be a process or procedure used for a specific intent. A model is a basic conceptual construction, a shared mental theoretical account, for traveling an organisation towards accomplishing a end that it has established. A model should inform the choice and usage of tools to back up the model ; tools should be selected and used as needed at each phase. Within the construction established by a model, tools are frequently used to ease actions, gain necessary information, proctor actions and step advancement. The intent is to guarantee that actions are chosen strategically, so that the end ( success ) in the system is achieved. In the FSSD, â€Å" tools † is the 5th degree of the model. When â€Å" backcasting from rules of success † , a tool of the FSSD, is combined with another FSD tool, â€Å" the ABCD methodological analysis † , together they can be used as facilitation tool for analysis, brainstorming Sessionss, larning, vision development, plan design, leading and alteration. In be aftering for sustainable development, illustrations of other utile tools include indexs, direction systems, and life rhythm appraisals. If your co-worker asks you whether this Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development ( FSSD ) is better than other tools or constructs in sustainable development, how would you react? ( 2 points ) With a science-based definition of socio-ecological sustainability, based on systems believing – with four basic first-order Sustainability Principles – the FSSD is a really effectual planning methodological analysis ; it can be used for measuring current conditions, visioning an ideal hereafter, and developing effectual schemes and prioritized actions to accomplish that vision. FSSD is possibly a alone model in that it is, about by definition, a simple ( apprehensible ) yet comprehensive attack that encourages duologue, consensus-building and systems-thinking, all of which create the conditions which can ease profound alteration. The FSSD provides a procedure of continual acquisition that incorporates other methods, tools, and constructs into a shared, structured overview. By its upstream attack – understanding the broader system within which jobs occur every bit good as define the rules which govern success in that system – it becomes an priceless mental theoretical account. It can turn to those jobs at the beginning and turn those jobs into chances for invention, organisational alteration and success. When a practician understands the 5 degree FSSD, the 4 Sustainability Principles, Back-casting and the ABCD methodological analysis, and knows how to use them, that practician has a really powerful usher to voyage the many complexnesss of life sustainably in a complex system. a ) Please discuss the difference between a cardinal human demand, and satisfiers for those demands. Give 2 illustrations of each. ( 4 points ) The Chilean economic expert Manfred Max-Neef presents a different model for New Human Development. He stresses that it is of import that human demands are understood as a system – i.e. they are interrelated and synergistic. Max-Neef considers that human demands are â€Å" finite, few and distinctive † ( as distinct from the conventional impression that â€Å" wants † are infinite and insatiate ) . He defines these cardinal homo demands: subsistence, protection, fondness, apprehension, engagement, diversion ( in the sense of leisure, clip to reflect, or idling ) , creative activity, individuality and freedom. Max-Neef considers that these demands are changeless through all human civilizations and across historical clip periods, but what does alter over clip and between civilizations are the â€Å" satisfiers † – the manner these demands are satisfied. In this theoretical account, any unmet human demand generates â€Å" pathology † – poo rness. In his position, society today is sing corporate pathologies because of the graduated table and dimension of unsated, unmet human demands. Need: Satisfier: Subsistence Healthy balanced diet versus one of high fat, high Calorie, no foods which negatively impacts ecosystems Leisure Time to reflect/dream versus watching violent telecasting passively for long hours B ) Explain how this construct is helpful for sustainable development. ( 2 points ) Max-Neef ‘s definition of what human existences need, and what motivates them, is basically different from the presently held impression. If decision-makers operated harmonizing to his premises instead than those of most economic experts, so the picks they would do would be radically different. Alternatively of utilizing GNP which merely quantifies the economic growing of things and an ever-growing demand for finite natural resources, development must be about people and run intoing their cardinal human demands, non about material objects or money. For the intent of sustainable development, this presents a radically different manner of thought: a new index which quantifies the betterment in people ‘s lives is required and the best development procedure is the 1 that will guarantee the maximal addition in this index of betterment of people ‘s lives. With the Max-Neef theoretical account, sustainable development becomes to the full human-centric. In the yesteryear, the 4th system status for sustainability was worded: In a sustainable society, resources are used reasonably and expeditiously in order to run into basic human demands worldwide. Presently, it reads: In a sustainable society, people are non capable to conditions that consistently undermine their ability to run into their demands. What is the significance of the alteration in diction and what does this mean for be aftering? ( 2 points ) The 2nd diction is less equivocal and focuses more on the â€Å" human † versus â€Å" resource † constituent of the rule. As antecedently stated in the first diction, it is non clear how one quantifies what is a â€Å" just † and efficient † A useA of resources every bit good as what precisely are the basic demands worldwide. Who decides? How is this defined? Besides, the phrase is inactive, it is non clear – who meets the demands of worlds world-wide? In contrast, in the 2nd diction, people themselves decide what they need in order to run into their demands. In this 2nd diction, conditions are ensured so that each individual meets the demands that he/she defines. Another cardinal point is the inclusion of the word â€Å" consistently † which emphasizes the larger, holistic position – a systems believing theory of the status of sustainability, and how conditions are created or are undermined. Since the focal point is now on how worlds define and run into their ain demands, planning must concentrate on the users, non the resources, every bit good asA use a systems approachA to analysing, making and keeping sustainable conditions. See the following 2 sentences: Organization XYZ contributes to the misdemeanor of System Condition One byaˆÂ ¦ . Organization XYZ violates System Condition One byaˆÂ ¦ . Which give voicing would you utilize in a sustainability analysis of an organisation? Why? ( 2 points ) The diction of a ) is more appropriate to be used in an organisation ‘s sustainability analysis since it is understood that â€Å" lending † implies that other organisations are besides capable of â€Å" lending † , and that the behaviour of any one organisations is portion of a larger system of behaviour which can hold an impact on the 4SP. Give voicing a ) recognizes that Organization XYZ is non a exclusive histrion in go againsting the SP, there are others who besides â€Å" contribute † . Wording B ) is excessively across-the-board – no individual organisation can go against the 4SP by itself. The first measure an organisation must do in order to execute a sustainability analysis of itself is to interpret the sustainability principles into their ain organisational context. With an apprehension that the 4SP are minimum demands for sustainability, it is necessary to measure how it is already go againsting these 4SP and move first to be renewing, and so move to follow with the 4SP. If an organisation does non desire to do more jobs into the system, so a logical and ethically relevant recasting of the 4SP would be to add â€Å" non lend † in to the phrasing of the 4SP, which so gives counsel on how to continue towards accomplishing sustainability in conformity with the 4SP. Faculty 2: Applications of Strategic Sustainable Development 35 points Organizational Learning and Change a ) Please describe the construct of ‘Creative Tension ‘ and how it can be utile within Organizational Learning and Change towards sustainability. ( 2points ) Harmonizing to Peter Senge, originative tenseness is the cardinal rule of personal command and a cardinal constituent in personal every bit good as organisational acquisition and alteration. Creative tenseness comes from a â€Å" spread analysis † instead like the one in â€Å" backcasting from rules of success † , but on personal ( or can be, on an organisational ) graduated table. Creative tenseness comes from our clearly holding a vision of where we want to be in contrast to an accurate appraisal of our current world which does non make that vision. Awareness of that â€Å" spread † between the vision and the bing world causes that originative tenseness, which is the beginning of all originative energy. In a state of affairs of Organizational Learning and Change towards sustainability, leading to accomplish success in the system starts with a vision of ecological and societal sustainability in contrast to current unsustainable world ; this spread causes the originative tenseness, which can actuate personal and organisational alteration in order to change that unacceptable world. B ) Briefly describe the ‘personal-organizational moral force ‘ and give two grounds why it is of import to see when you are be aftering to travel strategically towards sustainability. ( 3 points ) There are two ways to decide originative tenseness, either by raising current world toward the vision, which requires alteration, or by take downing the vision toward current world. Persons, groups, and organisations that learn how to work with originative tenseness are better able to utilize this energy to travel world more faithfully toward their visions. Leading through originative tenseness is different than work outing jobs. In job resolution, the energy for alteration comes from trying to acquire away from an facet of current world that is unwanted ; the motive for alteration is extrinsic. With originative tenseness, the energy for alteration comes from the vision, from what we want to make, juxtaposed with current world. With originative tenseness, the motive is intrinsic and hence, more powerful and transformative. degree Celsius ) What are some of the organisational and perceptual challenges that organisations need to get the better of when transitioning towards sustainability? ( 4 points ) Some of the organisational and perceptual challenges that organisations would necessitate to get the better of when transitioning towards sustainability include: A failure to hold on the cardinal paradigm displacement that sustainable development requires. By keeping long-held mental theoretical accounts, organisations fail to basically change the ways in which they produce goods and services. Such organisations believe that sustainability merely involves better controls, fringy betterments, or other â€Å" efficiencies † within their existing, additive concern theoretical account, purely following authorities authorizations. Such patriarchal believing leads to a false sense of security and personal duty for sustainable behaviour is reduced. Many persons have the sense that the challenge of sustainability is non something that they can decide – that person else is taking attention of it ( or non ) . Unfortunately, it can be a belief that holding a particular Green commission or a peculiar individual who is indicated as being responsible for recycling, publicizing â€Å" Earth Day â€Å" events, etc. absolves each person from a ctively prosecuting in turn toing sustainability.A A Therefore there is missing both aA sense ofA personal concern and duty every bit good as a deficiency of comprehending that we each have the ability to do a difference, to convey about these necessary alterations Organizations do non integrate sustainability in their nucleus policies and processs. When an organisation maintains a â€Å" Silo † attack to turn toing issues related to environmental and societal concerns, sustainability is non integrated into all facets of the organisation ‘s activities. Lack of a clear vision about sustainability which is limited to merely following with required governmental authorizations, perpetuating the position quo, i.e. , â€Å" concern as usual † . Missing a systems theory apprehension of what causes unsustainability ; there is a focal point on symptoms and non the root causes of the jobs. Lack of sufficient information that is clear and can easy be understood which explains the negative facets of the current additive production paradigm and the neoclassical economic theoretical account which have brought us to the current unsustainable conditions. Lack of equal mechanisms for the personal/organizational acquisition and alteration which are necessary in order to change current held, engrained impressions. 13. Urban Planning and Land Use a ) Suppose you had the chance to speak to a member of the American Institution of Architects. She knows you are taking the SL1401 distance class and would wish to cognize your overarching sentiment on the 10 rules of Populating Communities that the Institution has developed. What would you state to her? ( 3 points ) Architecture, landscape architecture and urban design surely can act upon and better the quality of life in our state ‘s communities, and while the AIA ‘s 10 Principles of Populating Communities ( AIA 10 Pr. ) are applaudable, they are non every bit inclusive as the FSSD and the four Sustainability Principles. Although the AIA 10 Pr. can cut down a community ‘s part to the misdemeanor of the four SP to a certain grade, it does non supply a consistent, organized construction for the accomplishment of social and ecological sustainability, in contrast to the FSSD which does. As a tool, the AIA 10 Pr. chiefly focuses on cut downing parts to misdemeanors of the first three SP through the use of alternate energy, reuse and recycling of stuffs, execution of energy and H2O efficiency plans, etc. AIA 10 Pr. partly tackles the SP4, but it does non explicitly address economic or societal issues, nor does it turn to human cardinal demands ( such as protection, engagement, apprehension, etc. ) . In the FSSD, the AIA 10 Pr. can be used as one of several tools which can be used to complement each other. When such complementary tools are used together, they are more comprehensive and powerful, leting an organisation to continuously better towards accomplishing a principled definition of sustainability. B ) Explain how the facets of Urban Planning and Land Use covered in Module 2 can be used to assist society travel towards sustainability. ( 4 points ) Based on the analysis we derive from the FSSD, 4 SP and systems believing, supported by the work of ecological economic experts, we now understand that decision-making for Urban Planning and Land Use – how we plan our physical business of infinite by worlds – must concentrate on the integrating of worlds within the ecosphere, an incorporate urban planning scheme. As Bill Reed articulately describe in his theoretical account of the â€Å" Living Systems Approach to Design † , the design procedure must foremost get down by understanding the life processes in each alone topographic point in which we are constructing and so we must plan that battle in order to prolong and reconstruct the wellness and wealth of the topographic point. In this new manner of operating, the aim toward which the metropolis ‘s authorities and establishments work must be to better the life of citizens and renew the wellness of the natural infinite which is occupied. The metropolis program, developed within a procedure of duologue and with the full participation/representation of the stakeholders, must clearly joint these nucleus values. Integrated urban planning actions, based on valuing the single – seting people first – within the ecosphere, conserving and reconstructing natural resources, will ensue in an ecological, people-centered metropolis. Commitment to values such as handiness, transparence, societal justness and poorness decrease and efficient resource direction will ensue sustainable urban development. This overarching scheme would inform all facets of urban planning, including societal, economic and environmental plans. This ecological city-strategy, with strong, consistent governing/design values and a focal point on incorporate systems, combined with strong, informed leading, can be used successfully to aline the actions of be aftering sections to run into these strategic aims, ensuing in successful, long-run execution of scheme. Integrated transit and land-use should be a cardinal constituent in the metropolis ‘s development, commanding growing, cutting pollution and heightening the life of occupants. The environmental quality and economic efficiency of a metropolis are extremely dependent on transit systems ; it is of import that these are well-integrated with urban signifier in order to avoid weak transit systems and unsustainable dependences on private autos. A close relationship between public transit and land-use statute law can be established as a counsel and development tool. Integrated planning procedures structured to guarantee that contrivers in all countries know the scheme and are working with a shared vision and are developing their programs together, would avoid the many jobs of unlinked development ( e.g. , non adequate proviso for green infinite ) . The integrating of different elements of urban development would besides avoid jobs associated with piecemeal development such as pollution, traffic congestion and unsustainable fuel ingestion rates. The creative activity of an independent Institute of Planning can be an effectual mechanism for guaranting planning continuity and success regardless of political, economic and societal challenges ; this forum can function as a research lab for happening originative, incorporate solutions to urban planning jobs, a focal point for larning and ever-evolving organisational growing and alteration. Developing new theoretical accounts that provide cheap, originative urban solutions and reflect local values are an alternate to standard, often-higher-cost attacks. This Institute could besides be the channel through which contrivers and stakeholders could larn about best patterns in sustainable urban design which is being implemented successfully in other locations and states. 14. Economicss a ) Environmental economic experts and ecological economic experts have different worldviews explicating the relationship between the economic system and the ecosphere. Describe the environmental and ecological economic experts ‘ worldviews ( 4 points ) . In the twentieth century, environmental economic sciences was developed with the purpose of internalising the external effects of our current manner of economic production, such as pollution, societal jobs, loss of biodiversity, etc. , into the economic system. Environmental economic sciences modified the neoclassical economic system by utilizing revenue enhancements and subsidies to raise monetary values on scarce resources while advancing the usage of abundant 1s. In the theoretical account of environmental economic sciences, it is recognized that society and the economic system are dependent upon the ecosphere. Their purpose is to work out the job by seting a monetary value on natural resource supply, emanations and other outwardnesss and conveying them into the economic analyses, by pricing mechanism which include: 1.Willingness to pay, 2. Cost to reconstruct, and 3.New cosmopolitan currencies. Through revenue enhancements, resources become more expensive, reflecting the societal and environmental costs of utilizing them and thereby trying to indirectly cut down their usage to sustainable degrees. In their theoretical account, market participants will act in the conformity to the â€Å" enlightened unseeable manus † of the neo-classists, which will ensue in a society which meets human demands, with acceptable degrees of pollution and sustainable usage of resources. Ecological economic sciences is an interdisciplinary field of survey that addresses relationships between ecosystems and economic systems in order to develop a deep apprehension of society and nature as a footing for effectual policies schemes for sustainability. Ecological economic sciences utilizes a holistic, systems approach which views that socioeconomic systems are portion of the overall ecosphere ; it emphasizes the demand to esteem the transporting capacity of the natural ecosystems and the development of just systems of belongings rights and wealth distribution. Ecological economic experts seek to maintain economic sciences separate from societal and ecological systems, keeping that macroeconomics should be used a agency by which to accomplish sustainability and that the entire physical size of the material exchange between the economic system and the ecosphere should be maintained at sustainable degrees for the long term. They recommend the debut of complements to the curre nt economic model which include different methodological analysiss, economic inducements and deterrences, normative Torahs and ordinances every bit good as tools and constructs of economic monitoring. B ) What are some of the challenges that our society demand to get the better of sing the current worldview on economic sciences when transitioning towards sustainability? ( 4 points ) Our current economic system is basically additive in nature, and it measures success by utilizing GDP growing as an index. The focal point is on bring forthing merchandises and presenting them to the client in the fastest and cheapest manner possible, irrespective of the impacts this may do on natural systems. Presently, society infusions resources from the Earth ‘s surface, turns them into goods, and so the by-products of these procedures are discharged back into nature as monolithic sums of frequently extremely toxic waste ( which we call air, H2O, and dirt pollution ) or as solid, industrial, and risky waste. The underlying job with this theoretical account is that the Earth ‘s air, woods, oceans, dirts, workss, and animate beings do non hold the capacity to infinitely provide increasing sums of resources, nor can nature absorb all of society ‘s pollution and waste, particularly given unprecedented population rise and demand for resources. GDP growing is non a satisfactory index for mensurating success in footings of fulfilment of human cardinal demands and social well-being. Continuously increasing degrees of GDP growing is straight linked with the continued development of natural resources which are non renewable and are consuming. As GDP growing is increased, so is the ingestion of natural resources, which is tantamount to society acquiring deeper and deeper into the â€Å" funnel † of unsustainability. In order to travel towards sustainability, policy and determination shapers must understand the pressing demand to alter the current paradigm, create conditions of trust, efficaciously communicate the demand for sustainability and how to accomplish it within the context of planetary justness and an just distribution of wealth, instead than the current impression of increasing GDP growing by of all time increasing ingestion of natural resources and production of waste. 15. Public Policy a ) Please explicate the construct of the â€Å" calamity of the parks † and its relation to public policy and the administration of our parks. ( 3 points ) The â€Å" calamity of the parks † described by Garrett Hardin is a utile construct for understanding how society has brought approximately legion environmental calamities. The â€Å" calamity of the parks † describes a state of affairs in which multiple persons, moving independently, who are concerned merely with their ain opportunism, will finally consume a shared limited resource even when it is clear that it is non in anyone ‘s long-run involvement for this to go on. The metaphor illustrates the statement that when persons and groups – who are motivated to maximise their addition without consideration of the demands of others – have free and unrestricted entree to a limited resource, the shared resource is finally reduced through over-exploitation, either temporarily or for good. The cost of this development to the point of depletion is borne by all those to whom the resource is available, which may be an even wider group of persons than those who are working it. Everyone pays the monetary value. B ) Explain how the constructs discussed sing public policy and administration can be used to assist society travel towards sustainability. ( 4 points ) In the context of avoiding over-exploitation of common resources, the â€Å" calamity of the parks † can be applied to a great many modern environmental jobs ( e.g. , overgrazing on federal lands, acerb precipitation, ocean dumping, atmospheric C dioxide discharges, firewood crises in less developed states, overfishing ) . Simply stated, society faces a serious quandary – when an person ‘s rational behaviour ( i.e. , moving without restraint to maximise personal short-run addition ) can do irrational, long-run harm to the environment, others and finally oneself. This is the calamity – each person is caught in a system that compels him/her to increase his demand without limit – in a universe that is limited. To counter this, public policy and administration should move to clearly show the foolishness of irreversibly consuming shared resources, and develop a public policy substructure that respects the restraints of ecological and societal sustainability as defined by the FSSD and the 4SP. In this scenario, policy and determination shapers attempt to act upon human behaviour through sharing of cognition and information, puting up economic inducements and deterrences for those elements which are non addressed by information entirely and presenting normative Torahs and ordinances merely when necessary. 16. How could leading in sustainable development be applied in your field of survey? ( 4 points ) I am a LEED AP, landscape designer and international sustainability adviser. I am portion of a squad of seven designers and contrivers from the Architecture and Urbanism Committee of the Illinois-Sao Paulo Partners of the Americas, an international not-for-profit organisation, on whose Board of Directors I participate as an elective manager. We have been working for old ages on the development of a sustainable maestro program for the historic railway town of Paranapiacaba, in the province of Sao Paulo, Brazil, built in the 1860s by the British in virgin Atlantic rain forest. Paranapiacaba has been declared a registered historic territory by the authorities of Brazil and the World Monuments Fund has placed Paranapiacaba on the Watch list in 2000 and 2002 to raise consciousness of the authorities ‘s attempts and the demand for saving. Our squad convened a Paranapiacaba Technical Assistance Workshop on site in April 2010 in order to make a synergism of cognition and resources which could supply be aftering expertness and thoughtful recommendations on sustainability, land usage, reasonable growing and economic development. Our analysis took into history the legion challenges confronting the hereafter of Paranapiacaba and our recommendations high spot schemes for the sustainable development of the unique, historic Vila of Paranapiacaba and its encompassing part. As a squad of voluntary professionals, without a political docket and free of prepossessions, we work in partnership with local governmental representatives and community members to develop nonsubjective and impartial recommendations. Our construct proposal and vision for the hereafter of Paranapiacaba was developed independently, with the input of all stakeholders, concentrating on the sustainable historic Restoration, saving, societal and economic development of the Vila. In order to guarantee that the cardinal human demands of the community are besides addressed ( ( SP4 ) , we actively develop schemes for inclusive educational, occupation accomplishments developing, wellness and societal plans. When we presented our concluding study with recommendations at a public forum in the City Hall of Santo Andre ( which has legal power over the historic town ) , our program was strongly supported by the authorities and stakeholders. We are presently traveling to implement this sustainable m asterplan. With the cognition I have acquired from BTH ( which I am presently sharing with my teammates, promoting them to besides take the Strategic Sustainable development category at BTH ) , I understand how the FSSD can be adapted to the instance of sustainable planning for Paranapiacaba. Based on scientifically-based, first order rules and systems believing, the FSSD can foster back up our decision-making in these conditions of really high complexness, assisting us to acknowledge the mutuality of the natural universe and society. As a shared theoretical account for planning, to guarantee people understand each other and the ends of their coaction, the FSSD can function as a compass for us to steer Paranapiacaba towards a truly sustainable hereafter in conformity with the 4SP.

Timbuktu, Mali and Today

Timbuktu, Mali and Today The word Timbuktu (or Timbuctoo or Tombouctou) is used in several languages to represent a far-away place, but Timbuktu is an actual city in the African country of Mali. Where Is Timbuktu? Located near the edge of the Niger River, Timbuktu is situated near the middle of Mali in Africa.  Timbuktu had a 2014 population of approximately 15,000 (the recent drop more in half due to its 2012–2013 occupation by Al Qaeda). The 2014 estimate is the latest data available. The Legend of Timbuktu Timbuktu was founded by nomads in the 12th century, and it rapidly became a major trading depot for the caravans of the Sahara Desert. During the 14th century, the legend of Timbuktu as a rich cultural center spread through the world. The beginning of the legend can be traced to 1324, when the Emperor of Mali made his pilgrimage to Mecca via Cairo. In Cairo, the merchants and traders were impressed by the amount of gold carried by the emperor, who claimed that the gold was from Timbuktu. Furthermore, in 1354 the great Muslim explorer Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Timbuktu and told of the wealth and gold of the region. Thus, Timbuktu became renown as an African El Dorado, a city made of gold. During the 15th century, Timbuktu grew in importance, but its homes were never made of gold. Timbuktu produced few of its own goods but served as the major trading center for salt across the desert region. The city also became a center of Islamic study and the home of a university and extensive library. The citys maximum population during the 1400s probably numbered somewhere between 50,000 to 100,000, with approximately one-quarter of the population composed of scholars and students. The Legend Grows A 1526 visit to Timbuktu by a Muslim from Grenada, Spain, Leo Africanus, told of Timbuktu as a typical trading outpost. Still, the mythical legend of its wealth persisted. In 1618, a London company was formed to establish trade with Timbuktu. Unfortunately, the first trading expedition ended up with the massacre of all its members, and a second expedition sailed up the Gambia River and thus never reached Timbuktu. In the 1700s and early 1800s, many explorers attempted to reach Timbuktu, but none returned. Many unsuccessful and successful explorers were forced to drink camel urine, their own urine, or even blood to attempt to survive the Sahara Desert. Known wells would be dry or would not provide enough water upon an expeditions arrival. Mungo Park, a Scottish doctor, attempted a trip to Timbuktu in 1805. Unfortunately, his expedition team of dozens of Europeans and natives all died or abandoned the expedition, and Park was left to sail along the Niger River, never visiting Timbuktu but merely shooting at people and other objects on the shore with his guns as his insanity increased. His body was never found. In 1824, the Geographical Society of Paris offered a reward of 7,000 francs and a gold medal valued at 2,000 francs to the first European who could visit Timbuktu and return to tell the story of the mythical city. European Arrival in Timbuktu The first European acknowledged to have reached Timbuktu was Scottish explorer Gordon Laing. He left Tripoli in 1825 and traveled for 13 months to reach Timbuktu. On the way, he was attacked by the ruling Tuareg nomads, was shot and cut by swords, and broke his arm. He recovered from the vicious attack and made his way to Timbuktu, arriving in August 1826. Laing was unimpressed with Timbuktu, which had, as Leo Africanus reported, become simply a salt trading outpost filled with mud-walled homes in the middle of a barren desert. Laing remained in Timbuktu for just over one month. Two days after leaving Timbuktu, he was murdered. French explorer Rene-Auguste Caillie had better luck than Laing. He planned to make his trip to Timbuktu disguised as an Arab as part of a caravan, much to the chagrin of proper European explorers of the era. Caillie studied Arabic and the Islamic religion for several years. In April 1827, he left the coast of West Africa and reached Timbuktu a year later, even though he was ill for five months during the trip. Caillie was unimpressed with Timbuktu and remained there for two weeks. He then returned to Morocco and then went home to France. Caillie published three volumes about his travels and was awarded the prize from the Geographical Society of Paris. German geographer Heinrich Barth left Tripoli with two other explorers in 1850 for a trek to Timbuktu, but his companions both died. Barth reached Timbuktu in 1853 and did not return home until 1855. During the interim, he was feared dead by many. Barth gained fame through the publication of five volumes of his experiences. As with previous explorers to Timbuktu, Barth found the city quite the anticlimax. French Colonial Control In the late 1800s, France took over the Mali region and decided to take Timbuktu away from the control of the violent Tuareg. The French military was sent to occupy Timbuktu in 1894. Under the command of Major  Joseph Joffre (later a famous World War I general), Timbuktu was occupied and became the site of a French fort. Communication between Timbuktu and France was difficult, making the city an unhappy place for a soldier to be stationed. Nonetheless, the area around Timbuktu was well protected, so other nomad groups were able to live without fear of the hostile Tuareg. Modern Timbuktu Even after the invention of air travel, the Sahara was unyielding. The plane making an inaugural air flight from Algiers to Timbuktu in 1920 was lost. Eventually, a successful airstrip was established; however, today, Timbuktu is still most commonly reached by camel, motor vehicle, or boat. In 1960, Timbuktu became part of the independent country of Mali. The population of Timbuktu in a 1940 census was estimated at approximately 5,000 people; in 1976, the population was 19,000; in 1987, 32,000 people resided in the city. In 2009, Mali statistical office census estimates put the population at more than 54,000. In 1988, Timbuktu was designated a United Nations World Heritage Site, and efforts were underway to preserve and protect the city and especially its centuries-old mosques. In 2012, due to regional fighting, the city was placed on the UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger, where it still remains in 2018.

Clean Air Act essays

Clean Air Act essays Pollution in the United States is getting worse and worse by the day. Poor air quality is a serious issue and health risk in cities throughout the country. The main source of the pollution problem is our transportation. Cars produce roughly one half of the pollution in our cities, and about a quarter of the greenhouse gases. The internal combustion engine is the single largest source of air pollution in the United States. Toxic gases are emitted into the atmosphere as byproducts of the combustion process and also from evaporating gasoline. The main pollutants consist of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, and particulates, each of which are harmful to the human body and contribute to global warming. Carbon monoxide is the largest pollutant emitted. It attaches to the hemoglobin in the blood and lowers the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity, which causes headaches, drowsiness and blurred vision, and is fatal with prolonged exposure. Hydrocarbons cause eye irritation, coughing, wheezing, shortage of breath and serious lung damage. Nitrogen oxide causes acid rain and taints the quality of our water. Pollution is obviously a very serious problem that is putting each of us risk, as well as damaging our environment. Unfortunately this is not something that can be solved any time soon, however we must make an effort to deal with it. Gasoline is not the only way to power an automobile. There is technology out on the market, along with much more still in development, that provides logical substitutes to our current automobile fuel. Several companies have started mass production of cars that are fueled by both electricity and gasoline, known as hybrids. These hybrids only use gasoline during acceleration and run off an electric battery the remainder of the time. This allows these cars to travel up to 70 miles on one gallon of gas and they are still able to move at speeds ne ...

Management of People Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management of People - Assignment Example making; in part due to the fact that he chose to higher Johnny Walsh outside the traditional recruitment and internal selection process that so many individuals within the company had come to expect will define the way in which promotion or internal selection was defined. Interestingly, beyond understanding formal and informal communication based upon the concept of what Desmond came to understand here, a more accurate representation would be to understand informal and formal communication within the company, based upon the way in which stakeholders came to understand the limitations that defined the work process. For instance, employees, cognizant of the fact that Johnny Walsh may indeed be a very close friend of the CEO, abstained from making formal complaints with the understanding that this would reflect negatively upon their own professionalism and might constrict their potential for future advancement within the firm. However, informal communication was rampant; with individuals from different departments actively complaining and discussing the hardships that they face when dealing with Johnny Walsh. This informal communication became so systemic that individuals that were not even directly related to the chain of command under Johnny Walsh wer e well aware of the problems. However, the greater drawback had to do with the fact that this informal communication structure circumvented leadership and did not allow the CEO to make an informed or accurate decision based upon the inputs that might otherwise have been received. As Levenberg & Caspi (2010) indicate, without a thorough and complete application of best practices in both formal and informal communication, the degree and extent to which effect progress and be achieved and work performed is severely constrained. Instead of allowing one form of communication to define the culture of how knowledge and understanding is transmitted, this task should be expanded to allowing a synthesis of both to be utilized

Present the closing argument for the prosecution in the case of The Essay

Present the closing argument for the prosecution in the case of The Tell Tale Heart - Essay Example As he states this, he is quick to suggest to the officers that he is innocent despite there being no inquisition into this. It is evident at this point that he is directed by his guilty conscience. When the villain is presenting his thought in the event of planning to execute the move that would help him bring to a stop the evil eye, he argues that he had no problem with the old man when he says, â€Å"True enough. The old man had never done me harm. But he had this one sickly eye. It was like the eye of a vulture†¦.† (Edgar 12) . How is this possible if yet the eye was part of this old man? I suppose the villain is playing psychologist to find a reason to claim innocence and ignorance of the ultimate ending. It beats logic to show pity to one you claim is a source of your curse. In this the villain claims the old man has a vulture like eye that causes a chill deep down his bones, for the reason that it had something in hiding. It is most certain that the villain simply uses this as an excuse to achieve his goal. When the villain plans to commit the crime, he does it in the dark, and he is fully aware that he needs a lantern light that will help him see what he does and how he does it. And this is done stealthily which he knows well that is the only way to avoid the attention of the old man that has always been so sensitive in his sleep. He speaks of adjusting the lantern just to produce a single ray of light so as to strike directly into the old man’s â€Å"evil eye† when he says, â€Å"†¦And then I shone my light, a single beam, upon THE EYE.† (Edgar 13) This, remember is done in the dark. A falsification of this statement is by the fact that the villain claims to clearly or instinctively shine the single ray of light into the old man’s evil eye. As this is done, the old man kind of goes into a shock; a condition that enables the villain do his action with much ease as the old man is unaware of what happens from this point. Once